Tagalog Language

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{{Infobox Language|name=Tagalog|familycolor=Austronesian|states=Philippines|speakers=First language: 24 millionSecond language: more than 65 million|nation=[Philippines (in the form of Filipino language)|agency=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino language)]|fam3=Borneo-Philippines languages|fam4=Meso Philippine languages|fam5=Central Philippine languages|script=Latin alphabet (Filipino orthography);
Historically written in Baybayin]s of the Republic of the Philippines. It is the most spoken Languages of the Philippines in terms of the number of speakers.

Tagalog, as its de facto standardized counterpart, Filipino language, is the principal language of the national News media in the Philippines. It is the primary language of public education. As Filipino, it is, along with English language, a co-official language and the sole national language. Tagalog is widely used as a lingua franca throughout the country, and in overseas Filipino communities. However, while Tagalog may be prevalent in many fields, English language, to varying degrees of fluency, is more prevalent in the fields of government and business.

History The word Tagalog derived from tagá-ílog, from tagá- meaning "native of" and ílog meaning "river", thus, it means "river dweller." There are no surviving written samples of Tagalog before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century. Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust, the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern Mindanao or Eastern VisayasDavid Zorc. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University Bob Blust. 1991. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics 30:73 – 129

The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in Baybayin and the other in the Latin alphabet.

Throughout the 333 years of Spanish occupation, there have been grammars and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835) and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850).

Poet Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer. His most famous work is the early 19th-century Florante at Laura.

In 1937, Tagalog was selected as the basis of the national language by the National Language Institute. In 1959, Tagalog, which had been renamed Wikang Pambansa ("National Language") by President Manuel L. Quezon in 1939, was renamed by the Secretary of Education, Jose Romero, as Filipino language to give it a national rather than ethnicity label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in better acceptance at the conscious level among non-Tagalog people, especially Cebuano peoples who had not accepted the selection.(p.487) In 1971, the language issue was revived once more,and a compromise solution was worked out — a ‘universalist’ approach to the national language, to be called Filipino rather than Pilipino. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.(p.488) The constitution specified that as that Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

Classification Tagalog is a Central Philippine languages language within the Austronesian languages language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages such as Indonesian language, Malay language, Fijian language, Maori language (of New Zealand), Hawaiian language, Malagasy language (of Madagascar), Samoan language, Tahitian language, Chamorro language (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan language (of Taiwan).

It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol and Visayas regions such as Bikol language, Hiligaynon language, Waray-Waray language, and Cebuano language.

Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog are Spanish language, English language, Chinese language, Japanese language, Arabic, Sanskrit, and Tamil language .

Features Geographic distribution The Tagalog homeland, or Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon - particularly in Aurora, Philippines, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna (province), Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, and Rizal. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of Lubang, Marinduque, and the northern and eastern parts of Mindoro. According to the Philippine Census of 2000, 21,485,927 out of 76,332,470 Filipinos claimed Tagalog as their first language. An estimated 50 million Filipinos speak it in varying degrees of proficiency.

Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Ethnic groups in the Philippines. Light blue boxes indicate significant communities where it is spoken. It is the sixth most-spoken language in the United States with over a million speakers.

Official status After weeks of study and deliberation, Tagalog was chosen by the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represents various regions in the Philippines. President Manuel Quezon then proclaimed Tagalog the national language or wikang pambansâ of the Philippines on December 30, 1937. This was made official upon the Philippines' restoration of independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.

From 1939 to 1987, Tagalog was also known as Pilipino.(p.487) Since 1987, the name Filipino language has been used to refer to a de facto Tagalog-based national language that borrows from other languages.

Since 1940, Tagalog has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. It is the only one out of over 170 Philippine languages that is officially used in schools, though Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines does specify, in part: "Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system." and "The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein."{{cite web| url = http://www.chanrobles.com/article14language.htm| title = 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6-9| accessdate = 2007-04-08| publisher = Chanrobles Law Library-->

Dialects At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas Tagalog, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog.

However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas Tagalog), and Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:

Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog ngayon (now, today), sinigang (broth stew), gabi (night), matamis (sweet), are pronounced and written ngay-on, sinig-ang, gab-i, and matam-is in other dialects.
In Teresa, Rizal-Morong, Rizal Tagalog, is usually preferred over . For example, bundók, dagat, dingdíng, and isdâ become bunrok, ragat, ringring, and isra.
In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of -um- verbs is na-. For example, standard Tagalog kumakain (eating) is nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as nakain ka ba ng pating is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south.
Some dialects have interjections which are a considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection ala eh usually identifies someone from Batangas while as does hani in Morong.

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas Tagalog and Quezon.

One example are the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.

{|class="wikitable"! style="background:#efefef;" | Standard Tagalog! style="background:#efefef;" | Marinduque Dialect! style="background:#efefef;" | English|-|Susulat sina Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan.|Másúlat da Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan.|"Maria and Fulgencia will write to Juan."|-|Mag-aaral siya sa Maynila.|Gaaral siya sa Maynila.|"He will study in Manila."|-|Magluto ka!|Pagluto ka!|"Cook!"|-|Kainin mo iyan.|Kaina mo yaan.|"Eat that."|-|Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay.|Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.|"Father is calling us."|-|Tutulungan ba kayó ni Hilarion?|Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilarion?|"Will Hilarion help you (pl.)?"|}

Derived languages Filipino language, the national language of the Philippines, is the de facto standardized variant of this language. It has heavy borrowings from English. Other Philippine languages have also influenced Filipino, which is caused primarily by the migration to Metro Manila by people from the Provinces of the Philippines.

Tagalog and code-switching Taglish and Taglish are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs.Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright code-switching where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various of the languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.

Nasirà ang computer ko kahapon!
"My computer broke down yesterday!"

Huwág kang maninigarilyo, because it is harmful to your health.
"Never smoke cigarettes, ..."

Code switching also entails the use of foreign words which are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words which ever comes to mind first or which ever is easier to use.

Magsho-shopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magda-drive sa shoppingan?
"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center anyway?"

Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society, though urban-dwellers, those with high education, and those born around and after World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians, such as President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, have code-switched in interviews.

It is common in television, radio, and print media as well. In the US, advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish.

The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities also frequently code-switch their language, be it Cebuano language or Min Nan Chinese, with Taglish.

Binaliktad A kind of slang called binaliktád (reversed) is where the word is modified by changing around the syllables. It gained popularity in the 80s up until the early 90s. Equivalents in other languages are vesre, verlan, and Pig Latin. For example, tigás (hard, strong), dito (here), hindî (no), sigarilyó (cigarettes), and ligo (take a bath) respectively become astíg, todits, dehins, yosi, goli.

Phonology Tagalog has 21 phonemes; 16 consonants and five vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels Before the arrival of the Spanish, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: , , and . This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.

They are:

an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father"
an open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
a close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "forty"
a Close back rounded vowel similar to English "flute"

There are four main diphthongs; , , , and .

Consonants Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

{]!Dental consonant!Palatal consonant!Velar consonant!Glottal consonant|-! colspan=2 | Nasal consonant|align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"|||-!rowspan=2 | Plosive consonant! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | Voiceless|align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"||align="center"||-! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiced|align="center"||align="center"|||align="center"||-! colspan=2 | Fricative consonant||align="center"||||align="center"||-! colspan=2 | Flap consonant||align="center"|||||-! colspan=2 | Lateral consonant||align="center"||||-! colspan=2 | Approximant consonant|align="center"|||align="center"||||}

Stress Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. ta'yo(to stand) and tayo(us; we)

Sounds

is raised slightly to in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (‘inang bayan’ 'bɐjən)
Unstressed is usually pronounced as in English "bit"
At the final syallable, can be pronounced as as
Tagalog Dictionary, ISBN 0-87022-676-2

By Vito C. Santos

New Vicassan's English-Pilipino Dictionary, ISBN 971-27-0349-5
Vicassan's Pilipino-English Dictionary, ISBN 971-08-2900-9
Vicassan's Pilipino-English Dictionary (Abridged Edition), ISBN 971-27-1707-0

By Leo James English

English-Tagalog Dictionary, ISBN 971-08-1073-1 (SB)
Tagalog-English Dictionary, ISBN 971-08-4357-5 (SB)

By others

Learn Filipino: Book One by Victor Eclar Romero ISBN 1-932956-41-7
Learn Filipino: Book Two by Victor Eclar Romero ISBN 978-1-932956-42-9
Lonely Planet Filipino Tagalog (TravelTalk) ISBN 1-59125-364-0
Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook ISBN 0-86442-432-9
Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog Standard Dictionary, by Carl R. Galvez Rubino, ISBN 0-7818-0961-4 (hb) / ISBN 0-7818-0960-6 (pb)
Tagalog Reference Grammar by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes ISBN 0-520-01776-5
Tagalog Slang Dictionary by R. David Zorc and Rachel San Miguel ISBN 971-11-8132-0
Teach Yourself Tagalog by Corazon Salvacion Castle ISBN 0-07-143417-8
UP Diksyonaryong Filipino by Virgilio Armario (ed.) ISBN 971-8781-98-6, and ISBN 971-8781-99-4
English-Tagalog and Tagalog-English Dictionary by Maria Odulio De Guzman ISBN 971-08-0713-7
English-Pilipino Dictionary, Conuelo T. Panganiban, ISBN 971-08-5569-7
Diksyunaryong Filipino - English, Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, ISBN 971-8705-20-1
Learn Tagalog Now, ISBN 0-9771586-0-8
Tagalog Idioms Audio Course by Felicidad Orario ISBN 978-0-9771586-1-4
Il nuovo dizionario filippino (English: The New Philippine Dictionary), by Dominador Limeta ISBN 9710866176

References See also

Tagalog Wikipedia

External links

Swadesh list of Tagalog words
Northern Illinois University Tagalog page
Filipino (Tagalog) Learner's Home
Tagalog Slangs
Free Tagalog Tutoring - powered by College professors and students
Bansa.org Tagalog Dictionary
Tagalog dictionary
Tagalog: A Brief Look at the National Language
Ethnologue entry for Tagalog
A Tagalog tutorial site
Calderon's English-Spanish-Tagalog dictionary (from 1915) at Project Gutenberg
Searchable version of Calderon's English-Spanish-Tagalog dictionary.
Free eBooks in Tagalog at Project Gutenberg
Another Tagalog-English online dictionary
Yet Another Tagalog-English online dictionary
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
Viloria.com Pinoy Podcast: Speak Tagalog

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Tagalog language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tagalog (pronounced [tɐˈgaːlog]) is one of the major languages of the Republic of the Philippines. It is the most spoken Philippine language in terms of number of speakers.

Tagalog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Tagalog can refer to: The Tagalog language, the most widely-spoken of the Philippine languages. The Tagalog people, the second-largest Filipino ethnic group.

TAGALOG AT NIU
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